Wednesday, April 30, 2014

The Club's historic membership roster, part VII: members joining 1942-1961

Editor's note:  In previous installments of our historic membership roster, we've been able to provide a biographical paragraph on most members, largely thanks to the powers of Google to locate sometimes obscure data sources. It turns out, however, that our members joining before 1920 or so are far more Googleable than those joining in 1920 and later, so some of these bios are very brief indeed. As in prior installments, some of the basic information here comes from Harold Hutchins' research in city directories at the Berkshire Athenaeum. If any reader can supplement the information listed here, we would be much obliged — contact Martin Langeveld, the Club historian/webmaster, at the "Contact Us" link at the top of the right column.



1942





Philip C. Ahern — 1907-1987 — Born in Boston; grew up in Newton, Mass.; graduated from Bowdoin College in 1932; upon graduation, he became a consultant to the National Municipal League on a study of the city manager form of government. In 1935 he was the first employee hired by George Gallup for his polling service. After two years, with the Gallup organization, he worked for four years with at New York advertising firm of Young and Rubicam before moving to Pittsfield, where he became executive director of the Pittsfield Taxpayers Association. In 1950, he became Pittsfield's director of administrative services, and in 1957 he became the first executive director of the Berkshire Regional Planning Commission, a post he held until his retirement. He was also a founder of the Franklin County Resource Conservation and Development Council. He died in 1987 in Wiliamstown at the age of 80.



Rev. James Gregg — retired clergyman. This was Rev. Gregg's second period of membership in the Club. See his biography posted at his first date of joining in 1916.



1943





Frederic Parker —Served as an attorney at Berkshire Life Insurance Company, starting December 1, 1942. He was a native of Franconia, New Hampshire, and graduated from Dartmouth College, and Harvard University Law School in 1931. After his graduation he practiced law for three years in Manchester, N.H., as an attorney for Home Owners Loan Corporation. He then practiced law in St. Johnsbury, Vermont for six years, during which he did some work for Travelers Insurance Company, New York Casualty Company, American Surety Company, and several fire insurance companies, before coming to Berkshire Life. In November, 1942, he was elected state attorney for Caledonia County, Vermont, but resigned that position to come to Berkshire Life. He died suddenly, at age 38, in New York City on 13 May 1943 after collapsing in the steam room of a turkish bath.



Lawrence W. Peirson — 1889-1968 — Vice President and Treasurer of C.S. Ferry & Sons Lumber Co. Graduated from Williams College in 1912. Board chairman for 13 years of Pittsfield Social Service Index; treasurer for seven years. Charter member of the Salvation Army advisory board. Deacon of South Congregational Church, served on its Scouts Council, treasurer of the Pittsfield Council of Churches. Treasurer of a local Masonic lodge for 30 years.  died in Pittsfield, 16 January 1968.



Jay C. Rosenfeld —1895-1975 — owner, with his brother Stanley, of Rosenfeld's Clothing Store. An amateur violinist, he served at music critic for The Berkshire Eagle for 55 years. He died of cancer at the age of 80 in 1975.



From his obituary in The Berkshire Eagle:



He was born in Pittsfield and graduated from Pittsfield High School in 1912. He started violin lessons at the age of 6 and by the tie he was 14 he was proficient enough in music to conduct an orchestra in Great Barrington. When he was 17, his family sent him to Brussels for two years of piano study. He came home for a vacation from Brussels, and his return to Belgium was prevented by the outbreak of World War I. He then took a job for a season in a hotel orchestra in Jamaica, West Indies, and played in a local string quartet to earn money to enter the Institute of Musical Art, later known as the Juilliard School of Music. He studied there until his father, Jacob R. Rosenfeld, had a stroke and he returned to help his older brother, Stanley, run the family clothing store — Rosenfeld's. He retired from the store about 1963.



In 1917, when the U. S. entered World War I, Rosenfeld enlisted in the Army and served in B Company, 359th Infantry, 90th Division, and saw action in France at St. Mihiel and the Argonne Forest. He was one of the national founders of the American Legion and served in 1923 as commander of the Pittsfield post.



Although he didn't follow a full-time career as a musician, he played in various amateur and professional groups all his life. His home on South Mountain Road was the frequent scene of chamber music sessions. His last professional appearance was on August 10, 1974, when he, two of his children (Peter, a cellist, and Jayn Seigel, a flutist), and his good friend, violinist Sheldon Rotenberg of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, presented a concert in the South Mountain concert series.



He served on the Pittsfield Park Commission, as deputy director of Civil Defense, as chairman of the USO campaign, as chairman of the Berkshire Advisory Council to the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination, as chairman of the United Jewish Appeal, and as president of Temple Anshe Amunim and the Zionist Council of America. He also served as conductor of the Pittsfield Symphony and the Berkshire Community Orchestra in Williamstown. In 1934 he helped found the Pittsfield Community Concerts Association and served as its first president and as one of its leaders for the more than 30 years that the association brought noted instrumentalists, vocalists and ensembles to the city.



He served as The Eagle's music critic for 55 years, from 1919 until 1975. The South Mountain concert series began in 1918, when he was still in the Army, but he covered every event there beginning in 1919, and every Tanglewood event since the first one in 1934 (which was at the Hanna Farm, later the Stockbridge School), until shortly before his death in 1975.



He wrote for publications other than The Eagle. In 1952 he represented The New York Times at the first Casals Festival at Prades, France. He also covered the Casals festivals in Puerto Rico in 1956 and in Israel in 1961. In 1952 he accompanied the BSO on its European tour. He was a member of the national Music Critics Association since its founding in 1958.



His writings include a short biography of Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge, the founder of the South Mountain series, done at the request of the music division of the Library of Congress.





Joseph C. Nugent —1898-1973 — Principal of North Junior High School (now Reid Middle School); served as Secretary of the Club. He was born in Pittsfield, and served in the U.S. Army during World War I before he graduated from St. Joseph's High School in 1920 and from Holy Cross College. He then went to work for Eaton Paper Company as a cost accountant, and at the same time studied accounting at LaSalle University. In 1922, with his brother Walter, he took over their father's business, Nugent's Variety Store. He sold that business in 1925 and went into teaching, handling the junior high school social studies program at Pomeroy School. After that, for almost a decade, he was in the commercial department at Pittsfield High, and in 1935 he became principal at Pontoosuc School for both elementary and junior high programs. He was promoted to principal of Central Junior High in 1938. Receiving his master's degree from North Adams Teachers College (now Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts) in 1938, he became the first principal of North Junior High School (now Reid Middle School), which opened in the fall of 1953. He served as secretary of the Family Service Association of Pittsfield. He died in Pittsfield on October 22, 1973.



Rev. Christian B. Jensen — Pastor of the First Baptist Church, Pittsfield.  He was born in Brovst, Denmark. He received a B. A. degree from the University of California in 1924, a master's at the University of Chicago in 1928, and a bachelor of divinity degree from the same university's divinity school. He also did graduate work at the University of Iowa, Union Theological Seminary, and Hartford Theological Seminary. He then served as assistant pastor of the Central Baptist Church in Hartford for seven years. He served as pastor of the First Baptist Church in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. for seven years before becoming pastor of the First Baptist Church in Pittsfield, where he served from November, 1943 to July, 1957. While in Pittsfield, he was a member of the board of directors of the YMCA, and was president of the Pittsfield Area Council of Churches for two years. He was also president of the Massachusetts Baptist Convention and served three terms as president of the state Council of Churches. He was a member of the Pittsfield Rotary Club and served as its president, and was a member of the nursing council of Pittsfield General Hospital. During his pastorate in Pittsfield, the membership of the First Baptist Church grew from 1,000 to 1,400. In 1957, he became pastor of the First Baptist Church in Ithaca, N. Y. He retired in 1966 and then served a number of New York State churches as interim pastor. He died in Ithaca on March 18, 1972.





1944





Randolph H. Wilkinson — 1903-1986 — General Counsel, Berkshire Life Insurance Company. He was born in Lebanon, N.H. on November 29, 1903 and graduated from Cushing Academy in Ashburnham, Mass. He received a bachelor's degree in 1925 from the University of New Hampshire, and graduated in 1933 from Boston University School of Law. He practiced law in Boston before joining Berkshire Life in 1943. He was appointed vice president and general counsel in 1960 and retired in 1968. He was a member of the board of trustees of the Berkshire Athenaeum, and served as president of the Town Players and the Pittsfield Parent-Teacher Association, and as a member of the Pittsfield School Building Committee. He chaired a committee to determine the best use for the old Post Office building (now Pittsfield City Hall). He also served on the boards of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, Recording for the Blind, and the Pittsfield Co-operative Bank. After retirement he moved to Hancock, N. H. and died at a hospital in Peterborough, N. H. April 14, 1986.



Paul K. Fodder — 1906-1992 — Trust officer at Agricultural National Bank. Born Dec. 4, 1906; died in Pittsfield May 16, 1992.



Rev. Harold L. Nevers —The third pastor of the Second Congregational Church. Nevers succeeded Rev. T. Nelson Baker, the church's second pastor, who had joined the Club in 1931 and died in 1941. Nevers was a graduate of Yale Divinity School and began his pastorate in Pittsfield in 1939, with Baker serving as pastor emeritus. Observing that his church was "sandwiched in between two barrooms," Nevers guided the church through the process of selling that building, and acquiring property at the corner of Onota Street and Columbus Avenue, where a new sanctuary was created in an existing homestead (and where the current building of Second Congregational Church was eventually constructed). At the time, the church was "sandwiched between two barrooms" on First Street. Born Feb. 4, 1916; died in Vader, Washington, July 22, 1999.





1945





Rabbi Maurice T. Galpert — 1917-1988 — Rabbi, Temple Anche Amunim. Born in Canton, Ohio March 5, 1917; died in Sierra Madre, Cal. March 6, 1988. Galpert earned a bachelor's degree in education from Kent State University and a master's degree in comparative literature from the University of Iowa. He was ordained in New York in 1945. After serving about five years at Temple Anshe Amunim, he served at Temple Beth Sholom, Santa Ana, Cal., and then at the Pasadena Jewish Temple and Center for 36 years. According to his LA Times obituary: "A prolific author, Galpert translated major works of poetry from German, Yiddish and Hebrew into English. Associates said his diverse interests ranged from an encyclopedic knowledge of baseball to a love of classical music, particularly Mozart."



Dr. Reo J. Marcotte — 1910-1983 — Director of the House of Mercy. Previously he served as assistant director of New Haven Hospital. He graduated from Hope College, Holland, Michigan in 1932. After serving in Pittsfield for nine years, in 1953 he moved to Belmont, Mass. to become CEO of Mount Auburn Hospital, a post he held until his retirement in 1972.



Charles T. Masterson — 1905-1996 — Executive at General Electric Co. Practiced architecture in Cleveland, became designer for General Electric Plastics. Born Jan. 24, 1905; died Santa Clara, Cal. April 21, 1996.



Rabbi Solomon E. Cherniak — 1912-1960 — Rabbi at Temple Anshe Amunim. Born in Brooklyn in 1912; died in Mobile, Alabama in 1960, where he had served as rabbi of the Springhill Avenue Temple. Served as a Navy chaplain during World War II. Born April 8, 1911, died in Mobile, Ala. July 22, 1960.



1946





Robert G. Newman — 1912-2009 — Librarian, Berkshire Athenaeum from 1946 to 1981. Born in Pittsfield June 25, 1912; died at Kimball Farms in Lenox, Mass. April 26, 2009. He was a 1929 graduate of Pittsfield High School and earned a bachelor's degree cum laude from Dartmouth College in 1934, a master's degree in English literature from Harvard University in 1935 and a bachelor's degree in library science from Columbia University in 1946. He enlisted in the Army three days after Pearl Harbor, became an officer in March, 1943, primarily served as Chief of the Military Personnel Branch at Camp Edward, and was discharged in March, 1946, with the rank of Captain. He was President of the Reserve Officer's Association of Berkshire County. Mr. Newman was employed by the Berkshire Athenaeum in various positions from 1935-1941 and returned, following his military service, to the position of chief librarian. During his tenure he led the fight for the new Berkshire Athenaeum as the needs of the community outgrew the facilities of its old building. The new facility opened for business on Sept. 4, 1975, and the auditorium in the building was later named in Mr. Newman's honor. He  was President of the Massachusetts Library Association, President of the Western Massachusetts Library Club and a member of the American Library Association and the New England Library Association. He was on the Advisory Council and Executive Committee of The Western Massachusetts Regional Public Library system. He was President of the Melville Society and an author of various articles in learned publications about Herman Melville. Active in supporting the Pittsfield Community, he was Trustee and Clerk of City Savings Bank, Trustee and Secretary of Hancock Shaker Village, Corporator and member of the Board of Governors Berkshire Medical Center and Trustee, St. Luke's Hospital. He was chairman of the Pittsfield School Buildings Survey Commission, a member of the Pittsfield Community Schools Commission, Chairman of the Pittsfield City History Commission, Clerk of the Pittsfield World War II Honor Roll Commission, and a member of the Board of Directors of the Berkshire County Historical Society. He was a former board member of the Rotary Club of Pittsfield with which he was associated for 53 years. He was a board member of the Coolidge Hill School, a Director of the Automobile Club of Berkshire County, and Mason, 32nd Degree. Newman was a Temple Board member and the official historian of Temple Anshe Amunim, a member of the Rabbi's Isabella Kelm Scholarship Advisory Committee and the Temple's "1972 Man of the Year." [Berkshire Eagle obituary] 



1949



Dr. Harry Evenden Judson —1916-2006 — Born Dec. 20, 1916; died in Bonita Springs, Florida on Feb. 9, 2006. An ophthalmic surgeon, Judson grew up in Syracuse and attended Syracuse Central High School, where he became president of the student body, and entered Hamilton College following his graduation in 1935. In 1939, Judson went on to the Syracuse University College of Medicine. He obtained his M.D. degree in 1943, and on April 24 of that year, was married to Barbara B. Hopkins in Syracuse. After having interned at Syracuse Medical Center hospitals, Dr. Judson served a three-year ophthalmology residency at Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital in New York City. In 1946, Harry Judson established his private practice as an ophthalmic surgeon in Pittsfield, MA. During his more than 30 years of practice he served as chief of the ophthalmology and otolaryngology divisions of the Berkshire Medical Center, Hillcrest Hospital, and St. Luke’s Hospital, as well as a member of the executive board of each. A diplomate of the National Board of Medical Examiners and elected president of the Eastern New York Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Association, he also served on the teaching staff of the Albany and Berkshire medical centers. Credited with performing the first successful corneal transplant in western Massachusetts, he concluded his distinguished medical career with retirement following a serious boating accident in 1977. Outside of his practice, Harry Judson pursued a great variety of athletic interests, including hockey, skiing, sailing, golf, and tennis. He was an active member of the National Ski Patrol and medical director of its New England district. In addition, he was a past president of the Pittsfield Rotary Club and head deacon and executive committee member of the First Congregational Church in Pittsfield. After his retirement, Harry and Barbara Judson spent most of the year in Bonita Springs on the west coast of Florida. Judson died on February 9, 2006, in Bonita Springs, of complications from Parkinson’s disease and pancreatic cancer. [Hamilton College necrology]



1950





Paul E. Brassard — lawyer, partner in the firm Henderson Brassard. A native of Adams, he graduated from Assumption College and Boston University Law School. He was a special agent for the Federal Bureau of Investigation from 1940 to 1946. He then came to Pittsfield to practice law with William E. Henderson. In 1951 he moved to Northampton and practiced law there, returning to Pittsfield in 1966 and reopening his practice there. In 1967 he gave up law practice in order to become an investigator for the Berkshire County office of the Massachusetts Defenders Committee.



Roger B. Linscott — editorial writer at The Berkshire Eagle. He rose to the post of Associate Editor, principally in charge of the editorial pages. In 1973, Linscott was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for his editorials, including those taking a stand against the war in Vietnam. Born Jan. 22, 1920; died in Falls Village, Conn., Sept. 22, 2008 at the age of 88.



Linscott's obituary in The Berkshire Eagle, by Tony Dobrowolski, Berkshire Eagle Staff



An irreverent, witty man, Linscott worked at The Eagle for 38 years before retiring in 1986. He continued to work part-time at The Eagle for years afterward, while also working full-time at Laurin Publishing in Pittsfield, where he served as editorial director before retiring in 2003.



Linscott received the Pulitzer Prize after submitting 10 editorials that The Eagle said contained "the objective of illustrating the wide range of subjects an editorial writer on a small paper must deal with, ranging from purely local to national and international situations."



Asked to single out one submission as an example of his best work, Linscott chose an editorial published on Oct. 18, 1972, in which The Eagle endorsed George McGovern for president.



Mark Miller, a former executive editor of The Eagle, called Linscott "one of the key figures that made The Eagle what it was in the second half of the 20th century."



Miller, whose family owned the paper until the mid-1990s, said Linscott and his father, Lawrence Miller, made the editorial page "the heart of the paper."



Don MacGillis, a former Eagle editor and now an editorial page writer for The Boston Globe, said Linscott's editorials kept public officials honest.



"Linscott used the Eagle editorial page to keep Berkshire County from being overrun by development, to keep state government on the straight and narrow, and to fight the worst excesses of the Nixon and Reagan administrations," MacGillis said.



"He delighted in speaking to power with conviction and plain-spoken eloquence," added MacGillis, who still lives in Pittsfield. "When a misguided official was the target of an Eagle editorial, Linscott did not mince words. He put his crustiness to good use. The county is better for it."



Said former Eagle City Editor Bill Bell, "He was a brilliant writer and an advocate of high journalistic standards whose influence was felt throughout The Eagle's news department."



Former Eagle reporter Charles T. Troy, currently the senior editor at Laurin Publishing, said Linscott was responsible for a lot of the quality magazine work the company produced, and also liked working with young people.



"A lot of times I asked him, 'Why don't you retire and go home?' " Troy said. "But he said, 'I love working with young folks. It keeps me young.' "



Linscott is one of two Berkshire County residents to have won the Pulitzer Prize. The other is James MacGregor Burns of Williamstown, the Woodrow Wilson Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Williams College, who won the Pulitzer Prize in 1971 for his book, "Roosevelt: Soldier of Freedom 1940-45."



Linscott was also a noted fly fisherman, hiker, and billiards player, who once drove a souped-up Plymouth Duster, loved animals, and was known for his bouts of absentmindedness. According to Eagle files, as a member of a college jazz band, Linscott once went dashing off to a New York City recording date, but left his rented bass fiddle in a taxi cab.



"He was extremely erudite and particular about history," said Hartford Courant reporter Rinker Buck, who befriended Linscott after working at The Eagle in the early 1970s, "but the details of life often eluded him."



Attorney Wendy T. Linscott, of Great Barrington, one of Linscott's four daughters, said her father never owned a short-sleeved shirt, declined to wear shorts, and didn't purchase a pair of blue jeans — "dungarees, as he would call them" — until he was in his 50s.



"He was a renaissance man," Wendy Linscott said.



Born in Winchester, Linscott was the son of Robert N. Linscott, an editor at Random House, who was one of the most respected editors in American publishing in the first half of the 20th century, according to Bell. Wendy Linscott said her grandfather, who died in 1964, worked with William Faulkner, and discovered well-known American author Carson McCullers, who wrote novels, short stories and plays. Robert Linscott also edited the "Selected Poems and Letters of Emily Dickinson."



"His descendants still get royalties from that," Wendy Linscott said.



Linscott graduated from Harvard University in 1941, after spending summer vacations working for the Cape Cod Standard-Times. He was employed briefly by the Buchanan Advertising Agency in New York before enlisting in the Navy where he served on a destroyer during World War II as a lieutenant second grade.



Following his discharge from the service, Linscott worked as a copywriter for the Franklin Spier advertising agency before joining the New York Herald Tribune in November 1946. Linscott spent two years at the Herald Tribune writing the "On the Books" column for the newspaper's Weekly Book Review section, before coming to what was then known as The Berkshire Evening Eagle in 1948.



According to his daughter, Linscott came to Pittsfield because he wanted to move his family out of New York City. She said her father discovered The Eagle by going to a New York City newspaper stand and looking through the small-town papers until he found one that interested him.



When he arrived at The Eagle, Linscott was first assigned to cover City Hall, which he did for six years while writing a weekly column on politics. He became an editorial writer in 1954, and was named chief editorial writer in 1957. Linscott was later named editor of the editorial page, before being promoted to associate editor in 1972.



Linscott leaves four daughters, Wendy T. Linscott, of Egremont; Judith K.R. Zask, of Lakeville, Conn.; Victoria Harper Linscott, of Falls Village, Conn.; and Rebecca S. Spieler, of Sandisfield; four grandchildren; and several nieces and nephews. He also leaves his family friend and caregiver, Betty Sacco of Pittsfield.



He was predeceased by his wife, the former Lucy Ann Richardson Goodlatte, who died in March 1996; his brother, Seymour; and his sisters, Barbara Meyers and Sylvia Reynolds.



1951





Rabbi Perry Nussbaum — 1908-1987 — Born in Toronto, Feb. 16, 1908; graduated in 1933 from Hebrew Union College and was ordained as a rabbi there. He briefly served congregations in Melbourne and in Amarillo, Texas before becoming a prison chaplain in Pueblo, Colorado in 1937. In 1941 he became rabbi of Temple Emanu-El in Wichita, Kansas, and in 1943 joined the Chaplain Corps of the U.S. Army, serving in the Philippines and attaining the rank of colonel in the Army Reserve. After the war, he served congregations in Trenton, N.J. and Long Beach, N.Y. before coming for to Pittsfield as rabbi of Temple Anshe Amunim in 1951, serving for three years. From here he became rabbi of Temple Beth Israel in Jackson, Miss., where he served until his retirement in 1973. He was there during the civil rights era, and the temple's new building in 1967 was heavily damaged by a Ku Klux Klan dynamite bombing, and later that year Nussbaum's house was similarly bombed while he and his wife were sleeping in it. He moved to San Diego after retiring in 1973, and died in March, 1987.



Dr. Robert Jackson Tracy — 1914-2009 — Born in Telluride, Colo. to William Evarts Tracy and Edith Jackson Tracy on April 10, 1914. He grew up in Concord, Mass. He was educated at the former Lenox School for Boys graduating in 1932. He followed his older brother and father to Yale graduating in 1936. Two years later, he entered Harvard Medical School graduating in 1942 and proceeded to train in surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital. World War II interrupted his training, and he was assigned to the 110th Evacuation Hospital in General George Patton's Army landing on Utah Beach in August 1944. The hospital was heavily involved in The Battle of the Bulge, and it was the only hospital on the southern flank which did not retreat. The hospital was awarded five campaign ribbons for excellence in action. Dr. Tracy was discharged as a captain. Following his service, he returned to Massachusetts General Hospital to complete his surgical training. He came to the Berkshires in 1949 and practiced at the three Pittsfield hospitals and also Fairview Hospital in Great Barrington. He became Chief of Surgery and Director of the surgical residency training program at Berkshire Medical Center. He introduced vascular surgery to Berkshire County and became a leading practitioner of this new discipline. For this, he was honored in December 1963 and became a "Hall of Fame" surgeon. He was enlisted as an Associate Professor of Surgery at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. Dr. Tracy was known to his colleagues and his patients for his kindness, gentleness and skill.



Dr. Tracy was a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons, a Diplomate of the American Board of Surgery, a member of the New England Surgical Society and a member of the New England Society of Vascular Surgery. He maintained his relationship with Lenox School and became both a longstanding trustee of the school and the school physician for many years. He was an outdoorsman, an enthusiastic boater, a passionate downhill skier and an avid golfer which he continued to play into his nineties. Died Dec. 11, 2009, at Kimball Farms, Lenox, Mass.





1953





Judge F. Anthony Hanlon —1899-1981 — Berkshire County Probate Judge. Born Jan. 17, 1899; died in Pittsfield, June 1981. He was born in Adams and graduated in 1917 from Adams High School, where he was a center on the football team. During World War I, he served two months in the army. He received his undergraduate degree from Dartmouth College in 1922 and his law degree from Boston University's Law School in 1928. Before graduation he worked briefly in the Adams office of the North Adams Transcript and at Berkshire Hills Paper Co. In 1938, he succeeded his father as treasurer of the Adams Co-operative Bank.



After graduation fro Boston University, he practiced law for a year with attorney Joseph G. Bryer of Boston. In 1929, he opened his own practice in Adams. In 1939 he became special justice of the Adams District Court, and then announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for country register of probate. He ran unsuccessfully.



In World War II, he was appointed chairman of the Adams Selective Service Board by Gov. Leverett Saltonstall, and he was chairman of the Republican Town Committee of Adams for four years.

On December 8, 1942, at the age of 43, he was nominated by Bov. Saltonstall as judge of probate in Berkshire County to succeed Judge Arthur M. Robinson. He continued in that position for 30 years, until 1972, when a Massachusetts referendum vote called for mandatory retirement of judges at age 70. Judge Hanlon was 72 at the time, and was one of 38 judges affected by the vote.



In December 1973, he returned to private practice after what he called "a fair sampling of retirement life" — an experience which, he said, he found "something less than attractive. As a matter of fact, I found it damn boring." He formed a partnership Stein & Hanlon with attorney Arthur Stein.

He was a communicant of Sacred Heart Church. During his career he served as president of the Berkshire Hills Conference and the Berkshire Boy Scout Council, a trustee of W. B. Plunkett Memorial Hospital, St. Luke's Hospital, Berkshire Medical Center and the Hospital Planning Association of Berkshire County, and as a director of the Pittsfield Co-operative Bank.



Rev. William Coolidge Hart —Pastor at First Church of Christ. Born October 17, 1916; died Fairfield, Conn. June 18, 2000. Served as a chaplain in the U. S. Air Force before coming to First Church. He was a native of Bedford, Mass. and a graduate of Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine and of Andover-Newton Theological Seminary. For a short time he was the assistant minister at Old South Church in Boston. He assumed the First Church pastorate on January 1, 1953, and resigned "rather suddenly" in September, 1958 to become editor of The Christian Century, and thereafter Manager of Public Affairs for General Electric Co. in Bridgeport, Conn.



1954





Harold L. Hutchins, Jr. — 1916-1996 — Executive director of Pittsfield General Hospital, and of Berkshire Medical Center when it was formed through the merger of Pittsfield General Hospital and the House of Mercy. Born August 17, 1916; died in Pittsfield, October 1996.



He graduated from the University of Vermont and received a master's degree in hospital administration from Washington University in St. Louis, He served as a captain in the Army Medical Administration Corps during World War II. He served as administrative intern at Grasslands Hospital, Valhalla, N. Y. for one year, and as assistant director at Aultman Hospital in Canton, Ohio, for five years, before coming to Pittsfield General Hospital in 1953. He was executive director at Pittsfield General for 16 years, and then as executive director of Berkshire Medical Center which was created through the merger of Pittsfield General and St. Luke's Hospital in 1967.



He left the Berkshire Medical Center in 1969, and began acting as a consultant for hospitals and corporations. In 1971, he assumed a position in Springfield as director of planning and program development at the Springfield Hospital Medical Center.



He served as president of the New England Hospital Association, and was a member of the Massachusetts Hospital Association, the Hospital Superintendents' Club, the Western Massachusetts Hospital Council and the state Hospital Advisory Committee.



1955





Rabbi Harold I. Salzmann — 1922-2018 —Rabbi, Temple Anshe Amunim. The son and grandson of traditional rabbis trained in the religious schools of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (today’s Slovakia), as a youth he received a very thorough training in Biblical Hebrew and Talmud-Torah studies. Eager to explore newer avenues in Jewish thought, Rabbi Salzmann pursued his rabbinical studies in the Reform Movement at the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, where he was ordained in 1950. Throughout his life, he continued his scholarship in theology and as a teacher who trained bar and bat mitzvah children as well as adults. An amateur historian, he collected antique postcards of the Berkshires, possessed a wealth of knowledge about the postal service of British Mandate Palestine, and had begun to write a history of the Jewish community of the Berkshires before his death.



Before joining the US army as a  chaplain at the rank of Second Lieutenant (and later an Army Reserve Captain), he and his wife Audrey (ne Pastor) whom he married in 1950, held a pulpit in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. His time as a chaplain for the Western Area Command took him to Germany and Belgium; in Luxembourg, he took part in a dedication ceremony to honor General George Patton.  Turning down a full time commission in the US Army, he returned to civilian life in 1954. He frequently remarked that it was the natural beauty of the Berkshires and his ability to be active in both Jewish and secular life that made him turn down other job offers at larger congregations in New York and Rhode Island.



Over a period of 64 years, Rabbi Salzmann dedicated his life to building his Reform Jewish community in Pittsfield. He raised funds and along with the Temple board, engaged an architect to design and to build the new synagogue that is currently home to Congregation Anshe Amunim on Broad street in Pittsfield. The Temple’s membership grew and gained new financial stability through the generosity of congregants who shared his vision. Although he retired early, he remained active as the emeritus rabbi, often stepping in to replace his younger colleagues to conduct services, funerals and weddings.  The Temple honored both the Rabbi and his wife, recently renaming the religious school in their honor. Nationally, he was recognized by his alma mater, the Hebrew University of Cincinnati, with an honorary doctorate in 1975.



At least in equal measure, Rabbi devoted himself to the civic life of the Berkshires, as a citizen and one of its most dedicated religious leaders. Shortly after coming to Pittsfield, he became a member of the Rotary Club. In 2012, fellow Rotarians  recognized his many decades of service to Rotary and the community with the Paul Harris Award.  One of the longest serving members of the clergy in the Berkshires, he delivered more invocations at parades and high school graduations than any other rabbi, priest or minister in the county.  Active in many other capacities in the city and county, from the board of trustees of the Berkshire Medical Center to the committee that restored the World War I memorial in Veterans’ Park on South St.  A longtime member of the Berkshire Clergy Association, he embodied the civic spirit of the Kennedy-era. In addition to his love of collecting books and stamps, he remained the secretary-treasurer of the Monday Evening Club, well into his 90s. He died Sept. 25, 2018.





Thomas F. Plunkett, Jr. —1925-2009 — Born in Pittsfield; attended Princeton University and then Ohio University; served in Army artillery during World War II in Belgium and Austria; returned to Princeton and graduated in 1946, majoring in French literature. Rowed in the 1948 Olympic trial finals; rowed in the 1949 Cup race at Henley, England. Ward 3 Councilman; Vice President of First Agricultural Bank; chairman of the board of the Berkshire Athenaeum. Born in Pittsfield Oct. 11, 1925; died in Pittsfield April 6, 2009.





1957





Rev. Ellis J. Holt —1910-2000 — Pastor of First Baptist Church. Born Feb. 6, 1910; died Cape Elizabeth, Maine, May 18, 2000. He was born in Phillips, Maine.  His family then moved to Lamoine, where he spent his childhood, vacations and retirement. Ellis was educated at Higgins Classical Institute, Charleston, and at Boston University College of Liberal Arts, where he graduated in 1931.  An honors graduate of Andover Newton Theological School in 1934, he was ordained on July 2, 1934, at the First Baptist Church of Littleton, Mass. Known as "Sam," he served as pastor of American Baptist congregations in Littleton (1934-1936) and Pittsfield (1957-1963), Massachusetts; and Portland (1936-1938), Calais (1938-1942), Auburn (1942-1957), and Waterville (1963-1969). Over the course of his 40-year career in the ministry, he held a variety of important positions in the American Baptist Convention. Ellis retired in 1975 to Lamoine to the home that his grandfather, Rev. William H. Rice, had constructed 100 years previously and where he and his family had vacationed throughout his career. During his retirement he was active in the Lamoine Baptist Church and the Lamoine Historical Society.



1958





Robert D. Bardwell, Jr. — 1920-1989 — President, Bardwell D'Angelo & Bowlby Insurance Agency. Born Nov. 28, 1920 Died in Pittsfield, June 27, 1989. He graduated from Deerfield Academy, Yale University in 1942, and Harvard Business School. He was a lieutenant in the naval reserve, serving as supply officer on a destroyer and a naval transport for two of his three years' service. He served as vice president of the Berkshire County Society for the Care of Crippled and Deformed Children (1974), vice president of the Berkshire County Historical Society (1986), on the board of the Pittsfield Community Music School (1978), the board of the Pittsfield Co-operative Bank (1970, 1973, 1982, 1985), treasurer of the Berkshire Rehabilitation Center (1976), vice chair of the United Fund drive (1972)



1960





Rev. E. Roy Burchell — 1934-2007 — Pastor, First Church of Christ in Pittsfield. Born in Pittsburgh in 1921 and educated at Washington and Jefferson College in Washington, Penn. and at Hartford Theological Seminary, Burchell was "one of the more controversial ministers in First Church history" according to the 1976 church history by Weston Morrill. A writer of poetry, prose and drama, Burchell took strong political positions and advocated for the First Church endowment to be invested in low-income housing in Pittsfield. Burchell resigned the First Church pastorate in 1968 to go to the West Center Church, Bronxville, N. Y. as pastor, First Church of Christ — died in Bronxville, January 1990.



1961





Norman Rockwell — artist and illustrator, Stockbridge, Mass. Born Feb. 3, 1894, died November 1978. Rockwell was a 20th-century American painter and illustrator. His works continue to enjoy a broad popular appeal in the United States for their reflection of American culture. Rockwell is most famous for the cover illustrations of everyday life scenarios he created for The Saturday Evening Post magazine for more than four decades. Born in New York City, Rockwell served in World War I as a military artist. He moved to Arlington, Vermont in 1939, and to Stockbridge, Mass. in 1953, so that his wife could be treated at the Austen Riggs Center, a psychiatric hospital. Eventually, when he began suffering poor health, he placed his studio and the contents with the Norman Rockwell Museum, which continues to hold the largest body of his work, more than 700 original paintings, drawings and studies, along with his archives. [Wikipedia] Club members recall that when Rockwell's turn came to present a paper, he would sometimes bring paintings or drawings to the meeting and talk about them off the cuff. However, several papers and sets of notes for talks have survived in the archives at the Museum, and have been published on this blog. At Rockwell's funeral, the pallbearers were five members of the Monday Evening Club along with Rockwell's son Jarvis.
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Saturday, February 1, 2014

The happiest people: How Denmark's Jews were saved in World War II

Presented to the Club by Erik Bruun on Monday evening, January 20, 2014



1. Do Tell A Lie






The author's father, Bertel Bruun, drawn by a

 Latvian refugee in a camp overseen

 by his grandfather.

When the German army invaded Denmark virtually unimpeded in the early morning of April 9, 1940 in World War II, my father was 2 1/2 years old. He lived in a fishing village called Skaelskor about 60 miles from the nation’s capital Copenhagen. His father, Erik Valdemar Marie Andre Ley Bruun, was the town doctor.



Unlike many Danes who at first accepted the German occupation with quiet resignation, my grandfather (Bedstefar to me) opposed the new turn of events. He headed a family with four children and was the only doctor in town so he carried a heavy weight of responsibilities. Nonetheless, Bedstefar was among the many doctors and nurses in Denmark who joined the Resistance.



The Danish medical community developed an elaborate system of transportation networks, secret hiding places, passwords, and links to fishermen who shuttled men, women and children on the run across the Oresund straights to safety in Sweden. Copenhagen’s hospitals served as a clearinghouse for downed American and British pilots who were shuttled to Sweden, and played a central role in the historic and nationwide rescue of Danish Jews. Doctors such as my grandfather received extra gas rations and so were in a position to transport refugees and rescued airmen.






Danish Resistance members, Odense, 1945

By 1943 Danish public opinion had turned very strongly against the German occupation. An active Resistance emerged. My father (now aged 5) eagerly joined the effort by wearing red, white and blue beanie caps designed to resemble the British Royal Air Force insignia. This, he liked to say, was his contribution to the war effort.



When the Danish Resistance took an action against the occupying German forces or Danish collaborators, the Gestapo carried out retaliatory killings called "clearing murders" to settle the score. In a short memoir my father wrote before he died he recalled this incident: "[Bedstefar] usually had office hours from about noon to 2:30 or 3, after which he would take a brief nap of 15 minutes before going on house calls. One day, when he was having his afternoon rest in his chair in the living room, our doorbell rang. I ran into the hall and opened the door. Two men in leather coats stood there--yes, they really wore leather coats, and it was not just a caricature of a Gestapo man. One asked if my father was home, as they wanted to see him. I told them he was away on vacation and I didn't know when he would return. Meanwhile our maid had come into the hall to answer the doorbell and she backed up my story. The two men apologized and left. An hour later a doctor in a neighboring town who was still having office hours was shot dead by two unknown men in leather coats."



2. It's Just Fish



The rescue of the Danish Jews in World War II holds a hallowed place in the history of the Holocaust. In a spontaneous act of national collusion, Danes rallied to alert Jewish citizens of a pending German roundup to capture and send them to concentration camps. Unlike any other country occupied by Germany, Denmark shepherded almost the entire Jewish population to safety. Of the approximately 8,000 Jews in Denmark, 500 went to concentration camps. Danish politicians advocated strongly for the captured Jews during their imprisonment, helping to improve their conditions. When the war ended, 450 Jews returned to Denmark, meaning that a total of 50 Danish Jews died as a result of the Holocaust.



The picture of a purely and simply heroic Denmark defying the vicious German empire, however, does not pass close scrutiny. When Denmark surrendered less than six hours after German troops crossed its southern frontier, Winston Churchill said the country would serve as Germany's “pet canary”. At first the vast majority of Danes quietly complied with German ambitions. Hitler called the country a "model protectorate". Denmark provided 10 percent of the German food supply and helped build naval ships. Eight thousand young Danish men largely from the region immediately adjacent to Germany volunteered to serve in the German army and were sent to the Russian Front. More Danes died in the service of the Third Reich (3,900) than opposing it (3,172).



Before the war broke out Denmark refused to accept Jewish refugees fleeing Germany, sending many back who would later die in concentration camps. My father used to respond sharply to American Jews who praised Denmark for being the only European country that wasn't anti-Semitic. "Denmark was just as anti-Semitic as any other country," he would say. "The difference was we didn't want the Germans to tell us what to do with them."



And it was not just Danes who played a role in the rescue. Many Germans refused to take part in the so-called Jewish Solution. A prominent German shipping official named Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz worked feverishly trying to prevent it and risked his own life to alert the Danish political leadership of the pending round-up. German military commanders especially in the Navy skirted orders to capture Jews. Copenhagen's German Harbormaster Richard Camman, who had earned the Iron Cross in World War I, ordered all of his ships out of the water for routine maintenance while the flight of Danish Jews took place under his very watch.



Another Iron Cross recipient, Commander Frederich Wilhem Lubke, responded to an order that his ship transport Jews from Copenhagen to Germany with a complete fabrication. He told the German Admiralty his engine was in disrepair. His ship, he said, was out of commission. When a German patrol ship captain boarded a fishing boat laden 20 Jews hiding in the fish hold, the Danish fisherman insisted he only had fish on board. The German commander opened the hold’s hatch, scanned the faces of Jewish refugees, paused, closed the hatch, and announced to his crewmen "It's just fish."



The Swedish government extended an offer to Danish Jews for refuge the country, reversing more than three years of appeasement policies to try to prevent Germany from invading the Scandinavian country. The minister of a prominent Swedish cathedral declared "If we were to stay silent, the stones would cry out." A Swedish police commissioner later recalled that when he watched Danish mothers disembark into his city with sleeping babies in their arms "I couldn't help myself. I started to cry."



3. There Are, After All, Higher Laws



In exchange for Denmark’s quiet cooperation, Germany allowed the government to retain its political independence the first three years of the occupation. While Danes may have shared a similar Aryan and Nordic heritage as Germany, they were not Nazis. Three percent of the Danish population voted for the Nazi Party in elections both before and after the German occupation--again, mainly along the southern border. When Germany first asked the Danish prime minister what he was going to do about the Jewish question, he responded "There is no Jewish question in Denmark.”



A myth emerged that King Christian X wore a Jewish star on his daily horse rides through Copenhagen to signal his solidarity with Danish Jews. This wasn't true. Nobody wore Jewish stars in Denmark. The Danish government refused to impose this humiliation — making it the only country under German rule to do so. King Christian embraced the prevailing national attitude toward the Occupation by only acknowledging the salutes of Danish police and soldiers during his walks. He ignored the German salutes. When Hitler sent an effusive birthday wish in late 1942, King Christian sent back a curt "thank you,"enraging Hitler who created a crisis to impose a tougher rule. He sent SS General Werner Best, formerly head of the occupation and roundup of Jews in Paris, to administer German rule.



By summer 1943, with German military power suddenly in retreat and Danish impatience heightening, a wave of sabotage and strikes swept the country. On August 29 Best imposed German military rule, sending German troops to arrest Danish police and soldiers and ordering martial law. More Danish soldiers and police were killed in this action than in the initial German invasion. Germans executed Danish Resistance members for the first time. Hitler approved the deportation of Denmark's Jews to German concentration camps. He sent troops with experience in rounding up Jews from Eastern Europe. Danish collaborators provided the names and locations of Jews.



When the German shipping official Duckwitz learned about the orders, he went to the Swedish Prime Minister asking him to provide refuge for the Jews. He returned to Denmark hoping to convince Best to resist the orders, but when it became clear the crackdown was going to happen he spent a long night talking with his wife. "It is good that Annemarie shares my convictions," he wrote in his diary. "There will be no detour from the road I have taken. There are, after all, higher laws. I will submit to them."



On September 28 Best told Duckwitz the arrest of all Danish Jews would take place during the night of October 1-2, the Jewish New Year of Yom Kippur. Duckwitz immediately contacted the leaders of the Danish Social Democratic Party and his contacts in Sweden.



4. By God, This Is Going to Be Read



Word about the pending deportation spread like wildfire. Teachers alerted their students. Doctors told their patients. Youth centers sent teenagers to Jewish households. Prison guards released Jewish prisoners from their cells and told them to get out of the country at once. Jewish families gathered their most precious belongings, fled their homes, and sought refuge with non-Jewish friends and in the households of strangers. Barn lofts, hospital wards, and basements filled with Jewish refugees seeking transportation to Sweden.



When German SS troops descended into Copenhagen where the vast majority of Denmark's Jews lived they found 284 people, less than 5 percent of what they anticipated.



Thirty-six hours later in Lutheran churches across the country priests read the following statement: "We understand by freedom of religion the right to exercise our faith in God in such a way that race and religion can never in themselves be reason for depriving a man of his rights, freedom or property. Despite different religious views, we shall therefore struggle to ensure the continued guarantee to our Jewish brothers and sisters of the same freedom we ourselves treasure more than life itself."



In one instance an assistant priest told his superior he was afraid to read the statement. The lead priest leapt from his seat, grabbed the document and declared "By God, this is going to be read in my church!"



The Danish population erupted in a massive act of civil disobedience on behalf of the Jews. Flash fundraising campaigns secured money to pay for fishing boats to carry refugees to safety. After some fisherman took advantage of the situation and charged outrageous amounts to carry the Jews, a cooperative of fishermen was formed to set a modest fee. This was dangerous work and gasoline was very expensive.



All told, at least 300 fishing vessels carried more than 7,200 Danish Jews (including Leo Goldberger of West Stockbridge who some of you [Club members] know) and 680 non-Jewish family members across the Oresund to Sweden from more than 50 embarkation points along the Danish coast in October and November 1943. More than 90 percent of the Jewish population found safety in Sweden where the government and people embraced them with food, shelter, schools, jobs, and other support.



5. The Happiest People



This fall a global survey on happiness declared Denmark to be the happiest country in the world, a crown it has achieved many times over the last 30 years. Why would the land of melancholy Hamlet, long nights, glum weather and such modest proportions get top marks for happiness?



The survey has six factors. High GDP, healthy life expectancy and a lack of corruption all figure into the calculation, but the deciding factors for Denmark center around a sense of social support, freedom to make life choices and a culture of generosity. Today Denmark offers free education to all, free health care, subsidized day care, expansive elderly services and boasts more than 100,000 volunteer organizations in a nation of 5 1/2 million people. Nearly 10 percent of the GDP is attributed to charitable work. The country consists of a very narrow peninsula with many islands. Island populations are often marked by an egalitarian spirit with a strong sense of interdependence.



Doctors in Denmark play a central role in society. The average Dane has seven direct interactions with his or her primary physician every year. In the United States, we have an average of four interactions with medical services each year, only some of which are with our primary physicians. Danish physicians — a modestly paid group of professionals — play a role in holding the lives of their patients in a very different way than in our country. It is no surprise that in World War II doctors and nurses played such an important part in securing the safety of their patients. Many Jews, for example, first went to their doctors for help when they fled their homes.



Psychologists say that the most important variables that determine happiness are relationships to family, friends and the community. Glory may be marked by star-spangled success, but happiness comes from finding meaning in life, usually in the context of the people around you. Danes do not have grand delusions about their own exceptionalism. Nobody should think he is too special; it will only get you into trouble. In some ways Danes are superficially a glum people with modest ambitions. As Woody Allen told Diane Keaton in the movie Annie Hall, the secret to happiness is low expectations.



The Danish response to the German occupation is completely consistent with these traits. Danes were willing to tolerate a German military presence so long as they did not assert German ambitions, and quite specifically Nazis policies on to Denmark. As the German presence became more and more overbearing, Danish tolerance for the occupation crumbled and a majority of the people turned against it in increasingly violent ways.



In one incident in the summer 1943 a German officer investigated a disturbance in Odense. Greeted by jeering Danes, he fired his pistol into the crowd, wounding a boy. Instead of fleeing, the Danes swarmed the soldier and beat him to a pulp. It symbolized the breakdown of the Danish social contract: Leave us alone and you can do as you please, but tell us at what we should do and you are asking for a fight.





6. A Matter of Decency 



I do not know if my grandfather played a role in the rescue of the Jews. Although Skaelskor is on the coast, it is in the southwest region of Denmark's largest island, making a journey by sea to Sweden unnecessarily and dangerously long. I feel very confident, however, that if the opportunity to participate emerged he did rise to the challenge. Courage in the face of danger comes in many forms.



My father's oldest brother, Mogens, played a very active role in the Danish Resistance, which from 1943 to the end of the war exponentially increased its act of sabotage, spying, and killings of German officers and Danish collaborators. Mogens had joined the Finnish Army in 1940 to fight the Russian invasion, providing him with military training. He was apparently very good with a gun. My father said Mogens did things like blow up trains and other violent activities.



My grandfather had a very different aura. He was known as an amiable and kind man. When the British Army arrived in Skaelskor the soldiers stayed at his house and they became family friends. One of them, a corporal, was killed a few years later in Palestine by the Jewish resistance. My father wrote "I remember [Bedstefar's] bitterness over the irony of this outcome. Although he overcame whatever anti-Semitism he had harbored, he never did become a fan of Israel."



As the local representative for the Red Cross, Bedstefar oversaw a nearby camp holding refugees from the Baltic countries and Russia. The Danish and Dutch Red Cross gave him medals for his humanitarian work.



Bedstefar's most dangerous tasks took place during the war and involved saving downed Allied airmen. When the Resistance rescued a flyer, they would call my grandfather. He drove his car to get the airman and brought him back to his office, mended the injuries and gave him a new set of clothes. Bedstefar bandaged the young English-speaking man's entire head so that he could not talk, even if he tried.



Bedstefar then alerted a colleague in Copenhagen that he had a patient with a head injury caused by a tractor accident. The next call went to the German authorities to let them know there had been an accident and that they should let his patient through all the German road blocks to Copenhagen. Picking up that phone and making that call was fantastically dangerous work. If discovered, he would be executed on the spot. He risked his life for young men he did not know and would never encounter again.



Preben Munch-Nielsen later wrote this about his experiences as a 17-year-old boy helping Jewish refugees navigate the Gestapo. "There were so many jobs involved,” he wrote. “You cannot afford to be afraid. And if you were, you could not let it have any impact on what you had to do. It was a matter of decency."




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Monday, November 25, 2013

Land Ho! — The Gold Rush voyage of Henry Weld Severance




"Barque" by Thomas Somerscales (detail)

Presented to the Club on Monday Evening, November 18, 2013 by Charles F. Sawyer



It is December 31, 1848. A young man of 19 from Augusta, Maine boards a sailing ship in Boston Harbor, bound for San Francisco, some 10,000 miles away. He is among 25,000 who will take that treacherous journey around Cape Horn in 1849. Between 1848 and 1850, San Francisco grows from a sleepy little town of 1,000 to a bustling city of 35,000. By 1852, California's non-native population increases from 14,000 to 250,000.



This great migration is, of course, occasioned by the discovery of gold at John Sutter's saw mill on the south fork of the American River. The young man from Augusta is my great -grandfather, Henry Weld Severance, who, in his own words, was "leaving all most near and dear, to seek a fortune among strangers in a distant land." He kept a journal of that journey, which I recently discovered among some family papers. I found the journal fascinating, even beyond the fact that this was my great -grandfather speaking. It provides a look into a very different time, when The world, and especially America, were young and expansionist. When self reliance and self improvement were critically important. When colonialism and the idea of manifest destiny were redefining political and geographic lines.

So my paper this evening will be to join Henry on his 10,000-mile adventure on the high seas.



He begins.


To you, my dear parents, I now dedicate my journal, and although its various incidents may not be so interesting, as while detailing them gives me the hope that they will be, still I know that wherever I am, you feel interested in my welfare, and especially so at the present time. There may be trifling scenes connected with the voyage, which you will probably ascribe to me folly in detailing them, but still, any occurrence, however minute, seems to me worthy of note. Our voyage thus far has not been entirely monotonous, but some parts deeply fraught with peril, aye with danger from which we knew we could not escape, without the aid and guidance of him whose home is on the mountain wave, whose eye o'er spreads the deep.



Sunday, Dec. 31, 1848

We hove up anchor this morning at 8 o'clock, having been detained in the harbor four days on account of foul,weather and head winds. The captain and pilot coming on board at that time, the orders were given in quick succession to loose the topsails. As she swung around, and under the influence of the freshening breeze, slowly parted the water under her bow, gathering fresh impetus every moment, as sail upon sail was heaped upon her as she glided swiftly down the harbor before a strong northwest wind, presenting a cloud of snowy canvass to the breeze. I stood on the quarter deck and calmly surveyed the scene. I have known what is is to see friends hurried away upon the ocean to brave its power and thought it but a trifle, but for the first time felt what it was to be myself the wanderer, launching forth comparatively alone, while all most dear are far behind. When the pilot took his leave outside the harbor at 12 o'clock, I felt that the last connecting link with New England was broken. As we were rapidly leaving my native shore, a sad, uncalled for thought would often flitter across my mind, as I thought that I was leaving all most near and dear, to seek a fortune among strangers in a distant land. But I endeavored to suppress such feelings, and was enabled to bid farewell to New England's shores with a tearless eye, perhaps assisted some by the golden ore glittering in my mind's eye on the banks of the Sacramento. 







Click to enlarge



We passed at 4 p.m. the ship Element, ashore on Cape Cod. She left Boston the day before us, and while in the City, I was frequently on board her, she having laid in the dock directly behind us. I stood on the wharf when she left it bound for New Orleans, and little did I imagine when I next should see her, it would be a victim of the fury of the elements. At 5o'clock we took our last observation from shore, Cape Cod bearing W.NW distant ten miles. And now as I stood gazing still on the west, while nothing but the heaving line of the watery horizon was marked against the clear blue sky, I,thought that I had now set forth to battle with the world, to endeavor to gain a living among honest people or rogues, I,know not which. I knew I had nothing now to rely on, but must gain a name, perhaps a fortune, by my own exertions. Not being in the best of spirits, I retired early and as I lay in my bunk, I keenly felt the reality of my departure and wondered that I could voluntarily have undertaken at the sacrifice of friends and home, so long and uncertain a voyage. But in my better judgement I cannot and do not regret it, hoping that my ardent and golden expectations will be fully realized. My friend, Mr. Morpheus, happened along about nine o'clock, and I willingly resigned myself to his charge, prepared in some degree by the soothing influence of the gentle motion of our Barque, as she rose and fell upon the soft and undulating swell of the billow.



Monday, Jan 1st

All the passengers, eleven in number, are forced to yield to the disagreeable sensation of sea sickness. We find that among the six men shipped as seamen, only one can be called a sailor, although four of them represented themselves as able and experienced at sea. The wind is constantly increasing and blows this afternoon very fresh. It is directly behind us and we are running under single reefer topsails. We all feel much anxiety at weathering the gale with only one able seaman bit trust to his guidance, who is ever on the stormy sea.took an observation this noon and find ourselves in Latt. 40' 04" N. Night sets in cloudy and stormy, with the promise of an unpleasant morrow.



Thursday, 4th

The sufferings which I have endured for the last three long days will not soon be effaced from my memory. Several of the passengers seemed almost ready to commit themselves to the waves to find relief, but luckily their sickness prevented them from getting on deck. I have lain in my berth nearly all the time, as in truth I was obliged to keep dry, as our decks every few moments would be swept by a heavy sea. We laid to thirty six hours on Tuesday and Wednesday, during which time we lost our quarter boat, broke off mizzen channels and had quite a number of things on deck swept away. As we were before the wind all of the time, our barque rolled tremendously and our cabin, with the incessant dashing of bilge water on the floor, causing a most nauseous and disagreeable stench, the tumbling of baggage about the room, and the almost total darkness in which we were shrouded, all the skylights being closed, and our only light being a dimly burning lantern, all combined in rendering our cabin a very undesirable place.



Sunday, 7th

The gale has at last bated and this day is particularly fine and appears more so to us, having been for the last week clouded in gloom by the dismal sky above us. At 7 a.m. on Friday we bore away before the wind and have thus far made an excellent run from the coast, having by dead reckoning averaged three degrees daily.We lost on Friday twenty two hens, which were swept off by a heavy sea. I feel, this afternoon as well as usual, having entirely recovered from my sickness. Yesterday the Captain seized the cook to the main rigging and gave him two dozen lashes for disobedience of orders. He tried to leap overboard to escape the flogging but was fortunately caught. Every blow drew tears from his black eyes and blood from his back and he begged of the mate and passengers for their interposition, but it was of no avail. It struck me at once that the Captain was a tyrant and I believe that my future observation on his character will prove my opinion true.



Sunday, January 14

Another pleasant sabbath morn has arrived. I have been thinking of home and have wished myself there to attend church. I am quite sick this morning but am able to read in bed. Have read several chapters in the Scriptures. In the evening the passengers joined in singing some Psalms, which sounded very pleasant. Our observation is Latt. 26' 48"N.



Sunday, 21st

Another Sabbath has come around and with it pleasant thoughts of home. On board here we are deprived of everything religious except as can be derived from books. It is rainy this morning but promises fair. We had some of the porpoises cooked for dinner. I have been reading all day in [Henry Ward] Beecher's Lectures to Young Men and [William] Jay's Sermons. Latt. 18'46"



Monday, 22nd

It is the most beautiful morning that we have had since leaving Boston. I shaved today for the first time and feel much relieved. On account of head wind we have been running to the N.E. all the afternoon. I feel much better today. The sea is quite smooth, so much so that we can see a long distance to sea.



Wednesday, 24 th

Nothing this morning to disturb the dull monotony of the voyage. I have been reading a medical book this afternoon and have concluded to give up tobacco in every shape. Innumerable school of flying fish have been around us today. They present a fine appearance as they fly about, the sun shimmering on their wings. Three of them flew on board the Barque and the steward serves them for breakfast. Latt. 17'51"N



Friday, Jan 26

In was awakened this morning by a loud cry from the quarter deck of "there she blows". I hastened on deck and found it to be three sperm whales about a mile distant.they seemed to be playing with each other. The Captain said they were of small size. I had a severe fever last night but feel better this morning. Latt. 13'32"N



Saturday, 27th

A fine morning. I arose at 5 o'clock and paced the deck till breakfast, which makes my appetite rather strong. Our quarter deck resembles a farmer's barn floor. It is covered with onions drying, which got wet in the gale. They remind me strongly of home. We are still close hauled on the wind. The weather is very warm. The thermometer at 80. Latt. 11'34". Long. 36'40"



Sunday, 28th

Another beautiful sabbath morn has come. It seems it was made so serene and calm to remind us of our duty in improving it. I have been reading Beecher's Lectures this forenoon on the quarterdeck. I read six chapters in Genesis this evening. The night sets in still, calm and beautiful. Such an evening as this is likely to make one think of home.



Monday, 29th

I have taken off my thick clothes and donned my thin ones and feel much relieved in doing it. I thought while doing it of the vast difference in the climate between here and Augusta. The wind has hauled to the east and we are cracking along.



Wednesday, Jan 31st

I am this day by Divine permission able to call myself twenty years of age. This my birthday seems to be peculiarly fitted for my particular purpose. In the morning we were refreshed by a gentle shower which makes the deck agreeably cool. I took,out my rifle and cleaned and oiled it to preserve it from rust. We had mince pie for dinner, which to our greediness was very nice. We all,showered blessings on the old steward head in his being able to anticipate our wishes. This afternoon is very calm. The sails flap idly against the mast. The clouds so calm and still scarce seem to move. A painter would delight in such gorgeous scenery. This is the first calm we have had since leaving the States. Night closed in without a breath of wind to cool our heated brows. Henry and I slept on deck for the first time with an old sail to cover us from the sews. Latt. 3'34". Long. 31'3"



Friday, Feb 2nd

It is a perfect calm this morning on account of which the heatbisnvery oppressive. A brig is seen off the lee bow, but as she is standing to the westward, while we are becalmed, we shall not meet her. My hands and feet are very sore from having been burned by the sun. The Captain is pacing the deck very uneasy because we cannot get along. The vessel, which we supposed to be a brig proved to be a ship. At 3 a.m. She was observed standing for us. She proved to be the ship Tartan 98 days from China bound to Philadelphia. As she came down toward us before the wind, which had just sprung up, she looked like a thing of life. Every sail that she had was aloft and filled. She was a very handsome ship and seemed deeply laden. As the wind was bowing fresh we of course could get no,letters on board, which we very much wished to do. The only news we could give him were concerning General Taylor's election to the Presidency. We had time to,exchange but a few words and she passed on.



Saturday, 3rd

We had a very severe rain last night and it continues to rain this morning. All the empty casks have been filled. The mate filled our small boat with fresh water and we all washed our clothes. We were very fortunate in having so much rain as our water had got very low.



Sunday, 4th

Welcome sweet day of rest. There is not wind enough to cool our heated brows. We are within thirty miles of the equator, exposed to a burning sun, lying almost motionless in the water. It has been so hot on deck that I am obliged to study in the cabin.



Wednesday, Feb 7th

We have had a regular breakout in the main hatch and find all things perfectly dry. It was feared by the Captain that there was a leakage through the hatch but it proves not so. I opened my chest of tools which were below and found them all in perfect order. Some books which were accidentally put in there while in Boston were now taken out, much to my gratification, as I needed some of them. My Spanish is very pleasant to me, as I think I am improving my time in a useful way, while others of the passengers are idling their time about deck. Today our Lattitude is 2'20"S. Slow work.



Thursday, 8th

It is a beautiful morning but the sun is bright, which we do not like. Some of the passengers are employed cleaning their pistols. The revolvers lie around and remind one of an armory. We are nearly up to the island Ferdinand Noronha, but shall not be able to see it tonight as the wind is light. We are rather hard in on the South American coast and have now got the southeast trades.



Wednesday, 14th

The wind is still blowing fresh from the NE and we are in hopes of clearing the tropics by Sunday. I have employed my forenoon as usual with my Spanish. We had mince pie for dinner which is a great treat to us although it is made from salt beef. I have been studying chemistry this afternoon. The sun set tonight clear and with gorgeous splendor. Our Latt today is 14'33". Long 34'36"



Saturday, 17th

It is perfectly calm this morning with a short, chop sea. Our deck resembles a busy town. We have the carpenter, the sailmaker, blacksmith and company all at work around the vessel preparing the barque for doubling the Cape.



Sunday, 18th

Dolphins are seen around the vessel. They are the most beautiful fish I have ever seen. I have been engaged in reading Lacon [or Many Things in a Few Words] by Rev. C[harles] C[aleb] Colton in the main topsail. A Portugese brig passed by this afternoon bound north about fifteen miles distant. After reading in the Bible like a good boy, I retired.



Tuesday, 20th

We have passed from the tropics into the temperate zone and have lost the trade winds. It is blowing nearly a gale and we are running on our course before it at 8 1/2 knots. It is cloudy and very cool. Latt 25'S. Long 41'



Wednesday, Feb 21st

There is no wind this morning. The weather has undergone a great change the last two weeks. The nights are quite cool so as to enable us to sleep below very comfortably. We shall now have to rely on the variable winds to carry us to Cape Horn. We are getting everything ready for doubling the Cape. The anchors were taken from their stocks and stowed away today.



Thursday, 22nd

Welcome thou birthday of our great and beloved countryman George Washington. It is a day well fitted to celebrate to his memory, warm and pleasant. We had a fine supper tonight and in the evening we respected his memory by toasts and sentiments. Doctor Shepard made a short speech and nearly all the passengers had something to offer. We enjoyed ourselves finely and adjourned to bed at half past eleven pretty well used up.



Monday, Feb 26th

The wind is blowing fresh and we are going close hauled over 7 knots. A French barque ran across our bow bound to the eastward. As we were passing about two miles at windward, we ran up our peak the Stars and Stripes. In a moment the tri-colored flag went aloft on board the stranger. She was a large barque and made a beautiful appearance with her ensign floating in the breeze far over her stern. I have been making a shot bag this afternoon.



Tuesday, Feb 27 th

We had a severe blow at midnight last night and we are under reefed sails. It is cold enough for thick clothing. We are today abreast of the River LaPlatta and about three hundred miles from land. At midnight we had a very severe squall. All hands, the Captain included, were aloft reefing the main topsail. It lasted for a half hour.



Saturday, March 3rd

As was predicted last night, the cloud which had arisen in the SW had at 4 p.m. brought with it a gale of wind. At 8 o'clock the troubled waters began to assume a massive form and threatened to overwhelm us in their mad career. The gale has not abated at 6 p.m. and the sky presents a dangerous appearance. The sea is very rough and as the decks were covered with spray, I have been lying in my berth nearly all day. The steward has been unable to set his table.



Monday, March 5th

The gale continues and the barque is as yesterday shipping much water. But she is still alive and we all hope for the best, and as long as she holds together that hope will serve to light us on our way. I have been lying in my berth all day engaged in reading and in studying Spanish. But it is tiresome work to hold a book and at the same time be incessantly rolling from side to side by the constant heaving of the vessel. At 11 p.m. A heavy sea broke over the bow and stove in both sides of the galley causing most admirable confusion amongst its culinary apparatus. The sound of tin kettles rolling with much force to leeward and then to windward contrasted fearfully with the deep, hoarse, threatening, grumbling of the storm. I got to sleep before midnight and was not again troubled.



Wednesday, 7th

We had a slight rumpus tonight between two of the passengers from New Bedford, but by the prompt interference of the Captain and the aid of some liquor which he furnished, the affair was amicably adjusted. This night was celebrated as the inauguration of Gen. Taylor.



Thursday, March 8th

The top of the mainmast was this afternoon discovered to be unsound, so much so that her gear above the top mast was all sent down and stowed away, as the Captain judged it unsafe to carry it around the Horn. Iis thought now that we shall be obliged to go into Valparaiso for repairs and water. It would suit me to go in there one or two days, but no longer, merely to see one of the South American cities governed formerly by the Incas.



Friday, March 9th

Our course is now SW to enable us to go to the westward of the Falkland Islands. The nights are cold now, mercury ranging from 30 to 50 degrees. The butter, which while in the tropics was so soft that we used a spoon to dip it out, is now hard as ever. It is too cold for bathing. Latt. 45'. Long 54'



Saturday, March 17th

The weather this afternoon is quite severe and as I expect a rough passage around the Cape I shall write nothing until I make the passage.



Passage around Cape Horn.

Three long, tedious, disagreeable weeks have at last passed away, weeks in which we have been exposed to all the rigors, all the furious tempests which are predominant in this inhospitable region, weeks which have seemed to me an age, confined as I have been to my berth on account of the severity of the weather. We are today in Latt. 54'22" Long. 77'10" and as far south as I ever again desire to be. The weather for some of the time has been very severe, we being one day within a few miles of the frigid zone. At the junction of the two great oceans at Cape Horn there is probably the roughest sea and the the most rigorous weather to which the mariner is exposed. The black concave of the sky above us has too well assisted in adding terror to the picture. Clouds dark and threatening were constantly rushing by us, seeming as they flew past to be combining with the lashed and raging sea to crush us. We were constantly assailed by heavy squalls of snow and sleet, in the morning perhaps a perfect calm, nothing to disturb us but the long, regular heaving of the angry sea, and at night with but momentary notice exposed to the terrible fury of the elements. One night it blew a perfect hurricane.I went on deck to view one of the most sublime spectacles in the majesty of nature, the furious battling of the elements. The cold, wintry moon would now and then peep forth and again vanish instantly, throwing a deep gloom over the scene. During the whole period, the ocean presented a succession of varied scenes, heightened in appearance by our gallant barque struggling in majesty amid the tumultuous conflict of billows raging against billows on every side. We were under very short sail but the mass of rigging which was still presented to the storm, caused a sound as the wind swept by, resembling the roaring of a tempest through a thick forest. But our vessel plunging through the heaving billows, dashing broad beds of snowy foam far around, seemed as she proudly rode the mountain wave, to be conscious of her power. She is well suited to bear us to the land of promise. As wave upon wave came rushing down upon her, threatening to engulf us in their mad career, she rising proudly upon their summits, seemed poised on their crest to scorn their power. I have been confined to my berth nearly all the time, as it was the only place in which I could keep warm. The chief part of my time has been employed in books, but I can assure you it was no pleasant task to hold in hand the book and at the same time suffer from the severe cold. We were obliged to beat entirely around and therefore our progress was very slow. The wind was all the time from NW to SW. We made land several times, the islands of Diego Ramirez and Ildefonso, but derived little pleasure in viewing their bleak and barren shores. We have passed a great many vessels but the rugged weather prevented us from speaking to any of them.



Tuesday, April 3rd

The sea today is very rough and the wind very strong. We are standing to the north under reefed topsails. At nine o'clock the cry of "sail ho" was heard. Going on deck I decried a large ship bearing down toward us before the wind and was soon by the aid of the glass was enabled to make her out a Yankee Frigate. To attempt, my dear parents, to portray to you in favorable coloring the beauty, the noble sublimity of her appearance, as she proudly plunged her way along, scorning alike both wind and wave, would utterly defy the loftiest stretch of my imagination. As I clung to the shrouds watching her swift progress in all the majesty of her nature, I could not but exclaim with all my heart: what a glorious scene for the artist, or poet, or any one of nature's enthusiasts, who could do justice to the scene. From her distance as she passed us we were unable to ascertain her name, but the hoisting of the Stars and Stripes at her peak, to receive ours in return, betokened one of America's proudest ornaments, her gallant navy. She looked like some monster compared to our puny barque and her noble and majestic appearance spoke favorably of the object and power for which she was built — the protection of America's Freemen. She was under close reefed topsails and seemed a very fast sailor. Her tall and slender masts were soon lost to sight in the dim and misty horizon.



Tuesday, April 10th

I was awakened this morning by the cheerful cry on deck from the sailors of "O hi yo" When I went on deck I found all hands at work sending up top gallant mast, top gallant and royal yards, bending on the sails, stocking the anchors, sending out the flying jib boom and doing other necessary things preparatory to going into port, which we are expecting. The change in the air becomes every day more perceptible and we hail every fair wind with joy, so anxious are we to leave this cold and barren region for the pleasant weather and serene skies of the tropics where we can lie on deck or sit in the main topsail with our books, while fanned with soft and humid winds.



Wednesday, April 18 th

We are within twenty four hour sail of Valparaiso and shall probably, if the wind holds, go in tomorrow. Our object in making port is want of water. I intend, as far as I am able, to visit as many objects of interest as are near the City. Land has been in sight nearly every day for the last week. We have some of the time been within fifteen miles of shore and seen the snow capped summits of the Andes towering far above the coastal mountains. It was a beautiful scene and little did I dream one year ago that I should be almost in reach of them, gazing with wonder and admiration on their gigantic forms, as they almost vied with the heavens in loftiness and grandeur.



Saturday, April 21st

It is a beautiful morning and Valparaiso's light house is two miles ahead. The wind is light and we have a fine opportunity to view the mountainous coast. On a lofty hill on our right is a telegraph and by the aid of the glass we can discern the keeper hoisting his signals. Next comes what is called The Fort but it much resembles a dilapidated mud hovel. Two guns are seen with their rusty mouths protruding from the muddy ramparts. Two or three boats with their dark occupants are seen near the shore engaged in fishing. The bay, which is gradually opening to view, is a small indenture in the coast, forming a curve of about three miles from point to point. It is entirely unprotected from the heavy north winds, which are prevalent in the winter season and in consequence for three or four of the winter months their commerce is nearly at a stand. 


At eleven o'clock we dropped anchor among twenty or thirty flags. We were immediately surrounded by a great number of boats from shore, some with merchants, others with what are truly called at home Land Sharks - but most were natives come off to take us on shore and they exhibited as much cunning and energy in getting a passenger as the hackmen at public depots in the States. Three of us were soon seated in a boat by the polite invitation of a merchant, Mr. Montgomery, and after a short row we landed on a quay which was covered with dark skinned Chileans, some to inquire the news, some to get a job, but very little of their jabbering did I understand. Accompanied by Mr. Montgomery we took a stroll through the town to take a flying view of the people, and we returned at four o'clock to the Fonda de Estrelle, the hotel, where we dined. There were several merchant Captains at the table but none whom I knew. Everything was served in the same style as at a hotel in Boston, and I assure you that a dinner of green vegetables after having lived on salt provisions for so long a time was much sweeter than the fabled ambrosia to Jupiter. Although the price was very extravagant, I felt but little reluctance at paying for so great a treat.



Tuesday, April 24th

We got underway this noon and are slowly leaving the harbor towed by four boats. I once more am seated in the cabin and have resumed my pen to give a passing description of Valparaiso. It has a population of forty thousand and is the principal commercial port in Chile. My first impression of the Chileans on landing at the quay and seeing so many natives standing idly around was that they were a lazy and indolent people. But I afterward learned that these were boatmen and that one-eighth of the population was employed on the water. On advancing into the street, the first particular object that attracted my attention was the chain gang, and on enquiring of an Englishman standing near, I was told that this was the only punishment for every offense and that after being in this gang four times the penalty is death. They were guarded by soldiers and engaged in paving the streets with cobblestones.  


Walking along I noticed a church door standing open and having a curiosity to seeing the sacred as well as the profane, I entered without ceremony and found but two or three persons there, who were going through some form of service. While watching their movements I heard a muttering noise behind me and turning beheld a woman with shaven pate coming toward me with a mug of water. By her own motions and my little knowledge of Spanish, I was able to understand that she wished to anoint my head with holy water. I, being a good heretic, of course refused to acknowledge the power of this Catholic's healing medicine. Her earnest entreaties and supplications caused me at last to smile, and she uttered a most piteous cry, which caused to appear from behind the altar four priests who told us that we, not willing to be anointed, must leave, which we did after taking one more stroll around the room.


The most amazing thing to me were the mules and the drivers. All the produce of the country is brought to town in two panniers lashed on either side of the animal, while the driver seated behind these, upon the mules tail, with whip and spurs three inches long, dash through the streets presenting a novel and laughable picture. Walking along, a sign Jardin de Publico, attracted my notice. Entering as usual without ceremony, I found myself among nature's smiling works, in the most beautiful garden I ever beheld. Oranges, lemons, figs, dates, bananas and a great variety of other fruit were hanging in rich profusion from the over hanging limbs and vines. What a contrast between this Paradise and the cabin of the Carite. It seemed the happiest moment of may life when I entered this sweet and fragrant Elyseum. I did not leave until every part had been minutely inspected, and then with much reluctance.  


In the evening I attended the Opera and was much surprised to see so many well dressed people. It is opened once a week and is chiefly supported by foreign residents. Lucretia Borgia, of whom you may have heard as a successful actress in Boston, is now the prima Donna. The house was filled with the elite and gay and among the number I recognize the British and American consul. The performance was in Italian and of corse was unintelligible to me, but the tragedy and comedy seemed to have as successful champions as at home. I returned at twelve o'clock in a cabriolet to my hotel. 


On Monday we went to the market to purchase some fruit to carry on board the barque.It is tended altogether by females and we created much laughter among the fair superintendents of the surrounding stalls at our earnest endeavors to reduce the prices. Americanos! Yankees! echoed through the hall and we were treated very respectfully and kindly. Henry and I purchased as much fruit for $1.25 as could be bought in the States for treble the sum.

We called at eleven o'clock on the American consul, Mr. Wm. G. Morehead of Ohio, formerly a U. S. Senator. He gave us much interesting information of the gold region and also a list of vessels which have sailed from Boston for California since Feb. 26. In a New York Herald which he gave me I notice an association had been formed in Augusta of thirty members, but no names were given. We have, however, got the start on them and hope to welcome them at the Gold Region with our purses well lined. Everything from California is bright and cheering. A large number of people have gone from Chile and the clipper ship Ann McKim, which arrived three days ago, reported the price of everything but provisions as extravagantly high. I was informed that the prices paid for clerks were from $1500 to $2000 and that if I wished to remain here I could receive $2000, but California is my aim and a much larger sum would hardly change my determination.

I have by the kind offer of Captain Smith of the American Merchant ship Independence deposited with him my Journal to April 20th. He sails for Boston in a few days. The postage to the Sates by the way of Panama being very high, and my Journal rather weighty, I did not think it advisable to send by that route.  


By the polite invitation of Mr. Peel, grandson of Sir Robert, a mid shipman on board the Asia, I went on board the vessel accompanied by Henry at three o'clock. I was much pleased with the order and regularity and neatness of everything about. The officers and men consisted of about seven hundred and were mostly fine looking men. The old motto, England expects every man to do his duty was wrought in large guilt letters over the cabin door. We were shown through every part of the ship and returned on board the Barque at five p.m. highly pleased with the visit. 


I went ashore again this morning to purchase a few things and returned at noon just as the vessel was getting under weigh. As little as I have seen of Valparaiso, I am much pleased with everything concerning it. The market is at all seasons fine and she can boast of as good eating and drinking as any part of the world. The climate is at all times healthy, and in the winter season which is now just coming, not surpassed in any section of the globe. Chile is the most advanced in republicanism of any of the South American states, but the Catholic religion, that tyrant's support, that poor man's master, still encircles and enslaves them as a yoke of iron. But for this and they would be a free, intelligent, enlightened people, and worthy representatives of their guiding star, the glorious confederacy.

This brief description of our short and pleasant visit will, I trust, suffice and I hope some future day to revisit this coast.



Sunday, May 13

Daily we grow impatient to reach the El Dorado but none more so than our Captain who superintends the carpenters on the quarter deck. Thank God we shall not always be exposed to a meanness of character as is the chief authority on board the Barque - so destitute of every gentlemanly quality and embued with sordid desires as is exhibited by him and which we are daily in contact with. How pleasantly would time pass were things different, but time will soon bring a change and I sincerely hope and trust for the better. How pleasant would it be to hear from home, but I cannot and must patiently wait for our arrival in San Francisco. I have been engaged today in reading Kingsberry on the Sabbath and Alcott on self education. Had porpoise for dinner.



Sunday, May 20th

I have been reading Dr [Dionysius] Lardner's Scientific Lectures. Also several numbers of the Democratic Review. We are today 141 days from Boston, 26 from Valparaiso. Every day increases our anxiety to reach the El Dorado and we trust for a favorable wind the rest of the voyage.



Monday, May 28th

At six p.m. A vessel was seen astern standing the same course with us, apparently anxious to speak to us, his flag was at half mast. We of course hove to, thinking him in distress. She came rapidly up to us and proved to be the American barque Elvira from Boston to California. She sailed three days after us, had refreshed at Rio and had a passage of forty days around the Cape. At dark we parted company. She was a very swift vessel and in Boston was thought to make the shortest passage to California that would be made. But she has beaten us but little and will probably arrive at San Francisco one or two days ahead. We hope to arrive in twelve days and are gradually preparing our things. My leisure time I have employed in reading Shakespeare.



Saturday Eve, June 16 th

After a long and constant succession of head winds it has at last hauled to the NW and we are able for the first time for two weeks to stand a direct course to San Francisco. The Port bears NE 1/2 E distant 420 miles and if the wind holds where it is, three days will find us at anchor. The weather has been rather unpleasant, the temperature having been cold, and much rain, and as we gradually approach the coast we are subject to heavy fogs. Nothing has occurred worthy of notice except on Sunday last, made memorable by the committal to the deep of our esteemed and favorite cat. Being subject to fits, we thus relieved her from future trials and tribulations, after having given her a leaden pill from a trusty revolver. We are all anxious to arrive and daily we beseech for a speedy deliverance from this floating prison and the vile presence of our worthless Captain. We have finally got a chance to promenade, the carpenters having completed their work on the deck. I have finished the Life of Peter the Great [by John Mottley(?)], the History of Rome [by Henry Malden(?)], Shakespeare and part of Lady [Marguerite] Blessington's works during the last fortnight and the remainder of my time will be occupied in preparing for shore and finishing letters.



Saturday, June 23rd - San Francisco, California

We made the land off Monterey on Wednesday, June 20 and have been obliged to beat up to this port before light head winds. We made the land off this port this morning at nine o'clock and at half past three were safely at anchor among a fleet of 150 sails. Two US sloops of war are at anchor nearby. The Ohio, on board which I had expected to find Midshipman Phil Johnson has sailed for the Sandwich Islands to return in a few days.

This finishes my Journal, which all must excuse, as the sea is a poor place for writing or composing. 


175 days passage.

Epilogue



I have not yet been able to determine what success Henry might have had in California. I do know that his father, Luther Severance, of Augusta, who was a member of the House of Representatives as a member of the Whig Party, was appointed by President Taylor to serve as the consul general to the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), that he arrived in Honolulu in January, 1851 with his wife and Henry's younger brother and sister. Luther Severance served in that capacity until December, 1853. I think that Henry joined his family in Hawaii and stayed there after his father left. He was married in Hawaii and his older daughter was born there. His younger daughter, my maternal grandmother, was married there in 1895. He was appointed Hawaiian consul at San Francisco in 1876 and American Minister and consul general at San Francisco from 1889 -1893. So I suspect that the direction of his life after 1849 had little to do with the gold rush and everything to do with his journey from Boston to San Francisco.
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